Network-based macro mobility in cellular networks using an extended routing protocol

ABSTRACT

A new architecture provides network-based mobility in cellular networks that is built on Internet Protocol (IP)/Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) technologies, such as Virtual Private Local Area Network (LAN) Service (VPLS), the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) and BGP MPLS Layer 3 Virtual Private Networks (VPNs). The architecture consists of several building blocks that provide functionality for different aspects of cellular network mobility. One building block is network-based macro mobility in IP/MPLS networks. The macro mobility techniques described herein are built on extensions to a routing protocol such as BGP. Another building block relates to transferring subscriber context between network devices while preserving the IP address of the subscriber. The techniques described herein provide a subscriber context transfer mechanism for mobile subscriber management that is built on extensions to a routing protocol such as BGP. Another building block of the mobility architecture is network-based micro mobility based on VPLS.

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.61/143,993, filed Jan. 12, 2009, the entire content of which isincorporated by reference herein.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The invention relates to networks and, more particularly, to cellularnetworks.

BACKGROUND

A cellular network is a collection of cells that each includes at leastone base station capable of transmitting and relaying signals tosubscriber's mobile devices. A “cell” generally denotes a distinct areaof a cellular network that utilizes a particular frequency or range offrequencies for transmission of data. A typical base station is a towerto which are affixed a number of antennas that transmit and receive thedata over the particular frequency. Mobile devices, such as cellular ormobile phones, smart phones, camera phones, personal digital assistants(PDAs) and laptop computers, may initiate or otherwise transmit a signalat the designated frequency to the base station in order to initiate acall or data session and begin transmitting data.

A backhaul network connects the base station to a gateway device. Thebackhaul network is the layer two (L2) network (from a mobilesubscriber's perspective) that provides connectivity from the basestation to the gateway device. Several cellular service providers aremoving towards Internet Protocol (IP)/Multiprotocol Label Switching(MPLS) based mobile backhaul networks for Second Generation (2G), ThirdGeneration (3G), and other wireless technologies. Microwave Access(WiMax) and Long Term Evolution (LTE) technologies are likely to move inthis direction as well. For example, recently, cellular serviceproviders have begun to upgrade cellular networks to support services,such as high-speed access to packet-based networks (e.g., the Internet),voice over Internet protocol (VoIP) and Internet protocol television(IPTV). To upgrade the cellular networks, cellular service providersconvert cellular signals, e.g., Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)signals, Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) signals orCode Division Multiple Access (CDMA) signals, received at a base stationfrom mobile devices into Internet protocol (IP) packets for transmissionwithin the packet-based networks. A number of standards have beenproposed to facilitate this conversion and transmission of cellularsignals to IP packets, such as a General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)standardized by the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)Association, Mobile IP standardized by the Internet Engineering TaskForce (IETF), as well as other standards proposed by the 3^(rd)Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), 3^(rd) Generation PartnershipProject 2 (3GGP/2) and the Worldwide Interoperability for WiMax forum.

“Micro mobility” is defined as mobility that is anchored at a fixed IPgateway device. The mobile device is in the micro mobility domain aslong as its IP gateway does not change as the mobile device moveslocation, even though mobile device may communicate with different basestations and/or the Backhaul Network Gateways (BNG) used to reach the IPgateway. WiMax's micro mobility solution requires a new control protocolthat involves the base station and the access services network (ASN)gateway (“R2 and R4 interface,” in WiMax terminology). “Macro mobility”is defined as mobility that allows a mobile node to move from one IPgateway to another while retaining its IP address. Existing macromobility solutions use Mobile IP and extensions to Mobile IP, which haveseveral limitations. Some existing macro mobility solutions includeClient Mobile IP, Client Mobile IPv4, Proxy Mobile IPv4, Mobile IPv6,and Client Mobile IPv6.

Regardless of which standard a cellular service providers choose toadopt, each of the standards generally define a cellular networkarchitecture in which a particular mobile device is associated with aspecific gateway device and an anchor device. That is, upon initiating apacket-based data communication session, the mobile device is bound toboth a gateway device and an anchor device within the cellular networkarchitecture. Commonly, each gateway device is an IP gateway or otherIP-enabled access router that is associated with one or more basestations proximate to the origin of the communication session. Throughthe transmission and relay capabilities of the base stations, eachgateway device handles data session initiated by the mobile device androutes the IP communications to the packet-based networks. That is, thegateway device routes any data communication originated by the mobiledevice to the anchor device. This routing configuration involving amobile device, gateway device, and an anchor device is referred to as“triangular routing.”

The anchor device is typically a service-oriented IP-enabled router thatstores policies and other information (collectively, a “subscribercontext”) that are specific to a particular mobile device. Thesubscriber context may define, for example, a level or quality ofservice, encryption keys, address information, multicast groupmemberships, and charging and accounting information to account for theservices provided to the particular mobile device. The anchor deviceprovides an “anchor” or a set location for subscriber-specific contextinformation (referred to as “subscriber contexts”) required to accessthe packet-based network continuously while the associated mobiledevices move through the cellular network. The anchor device may mark,tag, or otherwise processes the data communication in accordance withthe subscriber context and then route the data communication to theintended destination within the packet-based network. In some cellulararchitectures, the gateway device may be referred to as a “foreignagent” while the “anchor device” may be referred to as a “home agent.”

While the above network architecture enables accurate charging andaccounting, the continuous triangular routing of all data packets to theanchor device for a session may inject substantial delay into thedelivery of the above described services and erode the quality ofservice provided to the mobile device. Thus, by associating thesubscriber with a fixed anchor device, the above architecturesinefficiently route traffic and likely cause delay in accessing thepacket-based network and the services supported by the packet-basednetwork. This deficiency may become particularly limiting as cellularbase stations are upgraded to support higher transmission speeds becausethe added delay may form a bottleneck to achieving higher datatransmission speeds and violate Quality of Service (QoS) agreements withthe subscriber.

SUMMARY

In general, a new architecture for providing mobility for IP traffic isdescribed built on Internet Protocol (IP)/Multiprotocol Label Switching(MPLS) technologies, such as Virtual Private Local Area Network (LAN)Service (VPLS), the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) and BGP MPLS Layer 3Virtual Private Networks (VPNs). The technologies encompassing thisarchitecture are referred to herein as “Mobile MPLS.” The architecturedescribed herein addresses several shortcomings of existing IP mobilitysolutions. This architecture may be applicable to Third Generation (3G)IP data traffic, WiMax, LTE and any other wireless access technologiesthat provide IP-based services to mobile subscribers.

The Mobile MPLS architecture described herein consists of severalbuilding blocks that provide functionality for different aspects ofcellular network mobility. One building block is network-based macromobility in IP/MPLS networks. The macro mobility solution describedherein is built on extensions to a routing protocol and VPNs. Thetechniques allow a routing protocol, such as the Border Gateway Protocol(BGP), to be extended in a manner that allows mobile subscriber VPNroutes to be communicated between routing devices for providingnetwork-based macro mobility. For example, BGP can be extended in amanner that allows reachability to a mobile subscriber to be announcedalong with a MPLS mobile VPN label. In this manner, the techniques allowfor the advertisement of per-subscriber routing state and enable eachmember of the mobile VPN that imports this route to route trafficdirectly to the IP gateway device to which the mobile subscriber isconnected, thereby bypassing the current anchor device of the mobilesubscriber and avoiding triangular routing.

In accordance with the techniques described herein, a mobile subscriberVPN route advertisement is defined for a routing protocol, such as BGP.The mobile subscriber VPN route advertisement may, for example, bedefined as network layer reachability information (NLRI) associated withan advertised route communicated through a network by a BGP message.Consequently, the defined mobile subscriber VPN route advertisement maybe used by a routing device to encode mobile subscriber reachabilityinformation to direct other routing devices to control network trafficassociated with the advertised route. The mobile subscriber VPN routeadvertisement may be defined in an extensible manner that allows avariable number of attributes to be specified. Moreover, the mobilesubscriber VPN route advertisement may be defined in a manner thatcauses the encoded mobile subscriber reachability information to betreated as opaque BGP data. As a result, routers and other networkdevices that do not support the extension may ignore the encoded mobilesubscriber reachability information.

One of the challenges in building a macro mobility solution is thetradeoff between optimal routing and mobile subscriber state. Efficientrouting of packets destined to and from mobile subscribers typicallyrequires per subscriber routing state in the network. Solutions such asMobile IPv4 or Proxy Mobile IP may reduce this state at the cost ofinefficient routing (triangular routing). The solution described hereinallows the service provider (SP) to select between a triangular routingmode and an optimal routing mode, giving the flexibility to provideeither efficient routing (i.e., shortest path routing) or avoid persubscriber state. Moreover, the embodiments described herein that areprovided by this solution allow an SP to make such a decision on a persubscriber basis.

Another building block of the proposed network-based mobilityarchitecture is a solution to the problem of transferring subscribercontext between Mobile broadband remote access servers (BRASes) whilepreserving the IP address of the subscriber. When a mobile subscriber isassociated with a BRAS, the BRAS may access a server (e.g., duringauthentication of the subscriber) to obtain subscriber contextinformation such as policies or other information specific to the mobilesubscriber. The BRAS then instantiates these policies in communicatingwith the mobile subscriber. When the mobile subscriber later moves to asecond BRAS, a handoff of the authenticated session occurs to the secondBRAS. However, the second BRAS is not aware of the subscriber context,because subscriber authentication has already taken place. The solutiondescribed herein provides a subscriber context transfer mechanism formobile subscriber management that is built on extensions to a routingprotocol such as BGP, and to BGP-MPLS Layer 3 VPNs. It is possible for aSP to deploy the context transfer mechanism described herein inconjunction with existing mobility solutions (e.g., Mobile IP). In otherwords, it is not necessary to deploy the network based mobilitysolutions described here in order to deploy the context transfersolution.

Another building block of the mobility architecture described herein isnetwork-based micro mobility based on VPLS. One of the applications ofthis solution is in an IP/MPLS-based mobile backhaul network. Becausecellular service providers are beginning to move towards IP/MPLS-basedmobile backhaul networks for wireless technologies, the proposed micromobility solution described herein may be particularly advantageous indefining the micro mobility solution for backhaul networks as based onIP/MPLS technologies such as L2VPNs, pseudowires (PWs), VPLS and L3VPNs.Embodiments of the micro mobility solution described herein are based onVPLS, and are particularly desirable in that they leverage the existingIP/MPLS technology that may be already used for backhaul networks.

The individual components of the mobility architecture described hereinare independent but may also be used together. For example, a serviceprovider can deploy VPLS for micro mobility and continue using existingMobile IP for macro mobility. As another example, a service provider candeploy the L3VPN-based macro mobility and continue using LTE-based micromobility.

The architecture described herein also offers multicast support formobile subscribers. MPLS multicast technologies are used to providesupport for multicast services to mobile subscribers. Specifically, VPLSmulticast extensions can be leveraged when VPLS is used as the micromobility solution. BGP Multicast VPNs can be leveraged for providing IPmulticast services to mobile subscribers when the macro mobilitysolution based on BGP MPLS VPNs is used.

The techniques described herein also provide redundancy for variousfunctional elements of the architecture. For example, the techniques maybe used to provide redundancy between two or more Backhaul NetworkGateways (BNGs). The techniques may also be used to provide redundancybetween two or more IP Mobile Gateways. Finally, it is possible toprovide redundancy between two or more Mobile broadband remote accessservers (BRASes). The techniques for context transfer using an extendedrouting protocol are leveraged for providing such redundancy. Thetechniques described herein also provide inter-domain support based onBGP.

The embodiments described herein can be integrated with various wirelessaccess technologies, including WiMax and LTE. In addition, a subset ofthe embodiments can be integrated with 3G for IP data traffic. Theembodiments described herein provide Micro Mobility in a WiMax networkthat uses IP/MPLS for mobile backhaul by re-using, with extensions asrequired, the IP/MPLS mechanisms. For example, micro mobility may beprovided by using Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS) in the backhaulnetwork. This embodiment eliminates the need to run a new WiMax controlprotocol in the backhaul network for Micro Mobility. Moreover, theembodiment allows the same control plane mechanism to be used forwireline and mobile services. The embodiment also allows for the samecontrol plane to be used for IPv4 and IPv6.

In one embodiment, a method comprises receiving, with a gateway deviceof a cellular network, a request from a mobile device to connect to thegateway device to access a packet-based network, the mobile device inwireless communication with a base station associated with the gatewaydevice. The method further includes selecting a mode with the gatewaydevice for routing packets destined for the mobile device, whereinselecting the mode comprises selecting one of an optimal routing modeand a triangular routing mode, wherein the optimal routing mode allowsunicast traffic destined for the mobile device to bypass a currentanchor device for the mobile device and be routed directly to thegateway device, and wherein the triangular routing mode allows unicasttraffic for the mobile device to be routed to the anchor device thattunnels the traffic to the gateway device. The method further includes,in accordance with the selected mode, the gateway device advertising amobile subscriber (MS) virtual private network (VPN) route advertisementto one or more other network devices in the cellular network using anextended routing protocol, wherein the MS VPN route advertisementencodes reachability information associated with the mobile deviceconnected to the gateway device.

In another embodiment, a gateway device of a cellular network comprisesan interface configured to receive a request from a mobile device toconnect to the gateway device to access a packet-based network, themobile device in wireless communication with a base station associatedwith the gateway device, and a control unit configured to select a modefor routing packets destined for the mobile device by selecting one ofan optimal routing mode and a triangular routing mode, wherein theoptimal routing mode allows unicast traffic destined for the mobiledevice to bypass a current anchor device for the mobile device and berouted directly to the gateway device, and wherein the triangularrouting mode allows unicast traffic for the mobile device to be routedto the anchor device that tunnels the traffic to the gateway device. Thecontrol unit is configured to execute a routing protocol that has beenextended to advertise a mobile subscriber (MS) virtual private network(VPN) route advertisement to one or more other network devices in thecellular network, wherein the MS VPN route advertisement encodesreachability information associated with the mobile device connected tothe gateway device.

In a further embodiment, a system comprises a first gateway deviceassociated with a first base station, a second gateway device associatedwith a second base station, a mobile device in wireless communicationwith the first base station after being in wireless communication withthe second base station; and an anchor device that acts as a mainrepository for a subscriber context associated with the mobile device.The first gateway device comprises an interface configured to receive arequest from the mobile device to connect to the first gateway device toaccess a packet-based network, and a control unit configured to selectone of an optimal routing mode and a triangular routing mode for routingpackets destined for the mobile device, wherein the optimal routing modeallows unicast traffic destined for the mobile device to bypass acurrent anchor device for the mobile device and be routed directly tothe gateway device, and wherein the triangular routing mode allowsunicast traffic for the mobile device to be routed to the anchor devicethat tunnels the traffic to the gateway device. The control unit isconfigured to execute a routing protocol that has been extended toadvertise a mobile subscriber (MS) virtual private network (VPN) routeadvertisement to one or more other network devices in a cellular networkof the system, wherein the MS VPN route advertisement encodesreachability information associated with the mobile device connected tothe gateway device.

In a further embodiment, a computer-readable storage medium comprisesinstructions for causing a programmable processor of a gateway device ofa cellular network to receive a request from a mobile device to connectto the gateway device to access a packet-based network, the mobiledevice in wireless communication with a base station associated with thegateway device, and select one of an optimal routing mode and atriangular routing mode for routing packets destined for the mobiledevice, wherein the optimal routing mode allows unicast traffic destinedfor the mobile device to bypass a current anchor device for the mobiledevice and be routed directly to the gateway device. The triangularrouting mode allows unicast traffic for the mobile device to be routedto the anchor device that tunnels the traffic to the gateway device. Theinstructions also cause the processor to, in accordance with theselected mode, advertise a mobile subscriber (MS) virtual privatenetwork (VPN) route advertisement to one or more other network devicesin the cellular network using an extended routing protocol, wherein theMS VPN route advertisement encodes reachability information associatedwith the mobile device connected to the gateway device.

In another embodiment a method for routing packets within a networkcomprises establishing a data communication session between a cellularmobile device and a packet-based network via a first cellular basestation and first gateway associated with the first cellular basestation, wherein establishing the data communication session comprisesbinding the cellular mobile device to an anchor device associated withthe first gateway and storing subscriber context for the cellular mobiledevice with the anchor device. The method further includes, afterestablishing the data communication session, receiving, with a secondgateway device of a cellular network, a request from the cellular mobiledevice to connect to the second gateway device to access thepacket-based network, and selecting a mode with the second gatewaydevice for routing packets of the data communication session from thepacket-based network to the mobile device, wherein selecting the modecomprises selecting between: (1) a first routing mode that allows thepackets of the data communication session destined for the mobile deviceto bypass the anchor device and be routed directly to the second gatewaydevice, and (2) a second routing mode that allows the packets of thedata communication session to be routed to the anchor device thatforwards the traffic to the second gateway device. The method alsoincludes, upon selecting the first routing mode with the second gatewaydevice, advertising a mobile subscriber (MS) virtual private network(VPN) route advertisement with the second gateway device to othernetwork devices in the cellular network that are members of a mobile VPNassociated with the second gateway device, wherein the MS VPN routeadvertisement encodes a full network address associated with the mobiledevice and a multiprotocol label switching (MPLS) mobile label forreaching the second gateway to which the mobile subscriber is connected.In addition, the method includes, upon selecting the triangular routingmode with the gateway device, advertising a targeted MS VPN routeadvertisement with the second gateway device to the anchor device in thecellular network to enable the anchor device to remain the anchor deviceand route packets destined for the mobile device to the second gatewaydevice.

In another embodiment, a method comprises deploying a virtual privatelocal area network service (VPLS) instance within a layer two (L2)backhaul network of a cellular network, wherein the L2 backhaul networkis positioned between a mobile device and a gateway device connected toa packet-based wide area network (WAN), wherein the gateway device isconfigured as a member of the VPLS instance, and wherein the mobiledevice is in wireless communication with a base station associated witha backhaul element of the cellular network. The method also includesreceiving, with the gateway device, an address resolution request fromthe mobile device, wherein the address resolution request is flooded bythe VPLS instance, responding to the address resolution request, withthe gateway device, with a media access control (MAC) address of thegateway device, identifying a first backhaul element of the cellularnetwork through which a MAC address of the mobile device is reachablebased on the received request, receiving Internet Protocol (IP) packetsdestined for the IP address of the mobile device, and forwarding thereceived IP packets to the identified backhaul element using the VPLSinstance for communication to the mobile device. The gateway device ofthe cellular network is connected to a second base station reachable viaa second backhaul element associated with the L2 backhaul network. Themethod also includes, upon movement of the mobile device from wirelesscommunication with the first base station to wireless communication withthe second base station, performing MAC address learning with the VPLSinstance to detect that the MAC address for the mobile device is nolonger reachable by the first backhaul element and is reachable by thesecond backhaul element. The method includes, in response to the MACaddress learning, dynamically updating a stored location of the mobiledevice within the cellular network, subsequently receiving IP packetsdestined for the IP address of the mobile device, and forwarding thesubsequently received IP packets to the second backhaul element usingthe VPLS instance for communication to the mobile device.

In yet another embodiment, a gateway device of a cellular networkcomprises a control unit configured to execute a virtual private localarea network service (VPLS) instance, and an interface configured toreceive an address resolution request from the mobile device, whereinthe address resolution request is flooded by a member of the VPLSinstance of which the gateway device is configured as a member. Thecontrol unit is configured to respond to the address resolution requestwith a media access control (MAC) address of the gateway device, andidentify a first backhaul element of a layer two (L2) backhaul networkof the cellular network through which a MAC address of the mobile deviceis reachable based on the received request, wherein the L2 backhaulnetwork is positioned between a mobile device and a gateway deviceconnected to a packet-based wide area network (WAN), and wherein themobile device is in wireless communication with a base stationassociated with a backhaul element of the cellular network. Theinterface is configured to receive IP packets destined for the IPaddress of the mobile device, and forward the received IP packets to theidentified backhaul element using the VPLS instance for communication tothe mobile device. The gateway device is connected to a second basestation reachable via a second backhaul element associated with the L2backhaul network. The control unit is configured to perform MAC addresslearning with the VPLS instance to detect when the MAC address for themobile device is no longer reachable by the first backhaul element andis reachable by the second backhaul element, and, in response to the MACaddress learning, dynamically update a location of the mobile devicewithin the cellular network. The interface is configured to receivesubsequent IP packets destined for the IP address of the mobile device,and forward the subsequently received IP packets to the second backhaulelement using the VPLS instance for communication to the mobile device.

In a further embodiment, a computer-readable storage medium comprisesinstructions for causing a programmable processor of a gateway device ofa cellular network to execute a virtual private local area networkservice (VPLS) instance within a control unit of the gateway device,receive an address resolution request from the mobile device, whereinthe address resolution request is flooded by a member of the VPLSinstance of which the gateway device is configured as a member, respondto the address resolution request with a media access control (MAC)address of the gateway device, and identify a first backhaul element ofa layer two (L2) backhaul network of the cellular network through whicha MAC address of the mobile device is reachable based on the receivedrequest, wherein the L2 backhaul network is positioned between a mobiledevice and a gateway device connected to a packet-based wide areanetwork (WAN), and wherein the mobile device is in wirelesscommunication with a base station associated with a backhaul element ofthe cellular network, wherein the gateway device of the cellular networkis connected to a second base station reachable via a second backhaulelement associated with the L2 backhaul network. The instructions alsocause the processor to receive IP packets destined for the IP address ofthe mobile device, forward the received IP packets to the identifiedbackhaul element using the VPLS instance for communication to the mobiledevice, and, upon movement of the mobile device from wirelesscommunication with the first base station to wireless communication withthe second base station, perform MAC address learning with the VPLSinstance to detect that the MAC address for the mobile device is nolonger reachable by the first backhaul element and is reachable by thesecond backhaul element. The instructions cause the processor to, inresponse to the MAC address learning, dynamically update a storedlocation of the mobile device within the cellular network, subsequentlyreceive IP packets destined for the IP address of the mobile device, andforward the subsequently received IP packets to the second backhaulelement using the VPLS instance for communication to the mobile device.

In a further embodiment, a system comprises a layer two (L2) backhaulnetwork within a cellular network in which a virtual private local areanetwork service (VPLS) instance is deployed, a mobile device connectedto the cellular network, in wireless communication with a base station,a first backhaul element of the L2 backhaul network associated with thebase station, through which a media access control (MAC) address of themobile device is reachable, and a first gateway device connected to apacket-based wide area network (WAN), wherein the L2 backhaul network ispositioned between the mobile device and the first gateway device. Thefirst gateway device of the system comprises a control unit configuredto execute a VPLS protocol associated with the VPLS instance, and aninterface configured to receive an address resolution request from themobile device, wherein the address resolution request is flooded by amember of the VPLS instance of which the first gateway device isconfigured as a member, wherein the control unit is configured torespond to the address resolution request with a MAC address of thefirst gateway device, and identify the first backhaul element throughwhich the MAC address of the mobile device is reachable based on thereceived request, wherein the interface is configured to receive IPpackets destined for the IP address of the mobile device, and forwardthe received IP packets to the identified backhaul element using theVPLS instance for communication to the mobile device, wherein thegateway device is connected to a second base station reachable via asecond backhaul element associated with the L2 backhaul network, whereinthe control unit is configured to perform MAC address learning with theVPLS instance to detect when the MAC address for the mobile device is nolonger reachable by the first backhaul element and is reachable by thesecond backhaul element, and, in response to the MAC address learning,dynamically update a location of the mobile device within the cellularnetwork, and wherein the interface is configured to receive subsequentlyIP packets destined for the IP address of the mobile device, and forwardthe subsequently received IP packets to the second backhaul elementusing the VPLS instance for communication to the mobile device.

In another embodiment, a method comprises providing network-based micromobility for a mobile device in a cellular network using an extendedvirtual private local area network service (VPLS), providingnetwork-based macro mobility for the mobile device using an extendedrouting protocol to send virtual private network (VPN) routes thatencode reachability information associated with the mobile device; andtransferring subscriber context to other network devices in the cellularnetwork using the extended routing protocol to encode the subscribercontext.

In a further embodiment, a method comprises receiving, with a firstnetwork device of a cellular network, a request to initiate a datasession between a mobile device and a packet-based computer network, themobile device in wireless communication with a first base stationassociated with the first network device. The method also includesprocessing, with the first network device, data communicationsassociated with the data session in accordance with a subscriber contextassociated with the mobile device, wherein the subscriber contextspecifies subscriber-specific information defining one or more policiesthat are applied to the data communications. In addition, the methodincludes, with the first network device, advertising a mobile subscriber(MS) virtual private network (VPN) route advertisement to other networkdevices in the cellular network using an extended routing protocol,wherein the MS VPN route advertisement encodes the subscriber contextfor the mobile device in accordance with the extended routing protocolto enable the other network devices to process the data communicationsassociated with the data session in accordance with the subscribercontext.

In yet another embodiment, a network device of a cellular networkcomprises an interface configured to receive a request to initiate adata session between a mobile device and a packet-based computernetwork, the mobile device in wireless communication with a first basestation associated with the first network device, and a control unitconfigured to process data communications associated with the datasession in accordance with a subscriber context associated with themobile device, wherein the subscriber context specifiessubscriber-specific information defining one or more policies that areapplied to the data communications. The control unit is configured toexecute a routing protocol that has been extended to advertise a MS VPNroute advertisement to other network devices in the cellular network,wherein the MS VPN route advertisement encodes the subscriber contextfor the mobile device in accordance with the extended routing protocolto enable the other network devices to process the data communicationsassociated with the data session in accordance with the subscribercontext.

In an additional embodiment, a system comprises a first network deviceassociated with a first base station, a second network device associatedwith a second base station, a mobile device in wireless communicationwith the first base station, and a third network device that stores asubscriber context associated with the mobile device. The first networkdevice comprises an interface configured to receive a request from themobile device to initiate a data session between the mobile device and apacket-based computer network; and a control unit configured to processdata communications associated with the data session in accordance withthe subscriber context associated with the mobile device, wherein thesubscriber context specifies subscriber-specific information definingone or more policies that are applied to the data communications. Thecontrol unit is configured to execute a routing protocol that has beenextended to advertise a MS VPN route to the second network device,wherein the MS VPN route advertisement encodes the subscriber contextfor the mobile device in accordance with the extended routing protocolto enable the second network device to process the data communicationsassociated with the data session in accordance with the subscribercontext.

In another embodiment, a computer-readable storage medium comprisesinstructions for causing a programmable processor of a first networkdevice of a cellular network to receive a request to initiate a datasession between a mobile device and a packet-based computer network, themobile device in wireless communication with a first base stationassociated with the first network device, process data communicationsassociated with the data session in accordance with a subscriber contextassociated with the mobile device, wherein the subscriber contextspecifies subscriber-specific information defining one or more policiesthat are applied to the data communications, and advertise a mobilesubscriber (MS) virtual private network (VPN) route advertisement toother network devices in the cellular network using an extended routingprotocol, wherein the MS VPN route advertisement encodes the subscribercontext for the mobile device in accordance with the extended routingprotocol to enable the other network devices to process the datacommunications associated with the data session in accordance with thesubscriber context.

The details of one or more embodiments of the invention are set forth inthe accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features,objects, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from thedescription and drawings, and from the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a system that includes an examplecellular network.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary embodiment of agateway device of the cellular network in further detail.

FIG. 3A is a block diagram illustrating an example data type that may beincluded within a mobile subscriber VPN route distributed by the gatewaydevice using an extended routing protocol.

FIG. 3B illustrates an exemplary subscriber context data type definedfor encoding subscriber context within a routing communication accordingto a routing protocol that is extended as described herein.

FIG. 4 is a flowchart illustrating example operation of a gateway devicethat operates in accordance with the principles of the invention.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart illustrating example operation of a gateway devicein transferring subscriber context in accordance with the principles ofthe invention.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram illustrating an example cellular network thatincludes a cell site coupled to a metro regional site by Virtual PrivateLAN Service (VPLS) backhaul networks.

FIG. 7 is a flowchart illustrating example operation of network devicesin a micro mobility domain consistent with the principles of theinvention.

FIG. 8 is a flowchart illustrating another example operation of networkdevices in a micro mobility domain.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a system that includes an examplecellular network 10. As shown in FIG. 1, cellular network 10 includesgateway device 12A, 12B (“gateway devices 12”), as well as anchor device16, base stations 18A-18Z (“base stations 18”), and a mobile device 20.In the example of FIG. 1, cellular network 10 couples to a packet-basedpublic network 22, which may, for example, represent the Internet or anyother packet-based, publicly accessible or private computer network.Mobile device 20 may also be referred to as a mobile subscriber. Whileshown for ease of illustration as including only two gateway devices 12,one anchor device 16, and one mobile device 20, cellular network 10 maycomprise a plurality of gateway devices and a plurality of anchordevices that service a plurality of mobile devices. The inventiontherefore should not be limited to the exemplary embodiment depicted inFIG. 1.

Base stations 18 have radio connectivity with mobile device 20 on oneside, and on the other side, base stations 18 interface to a backhaulnetwork (not shown) of the cellular network 10. A WorldwideInteroperability for Microwave Access (WiMax) base station is an exampleof such a device. Gateway devices 12 may be Internet Protocol (IP)gateway devices that make up the IP edge for the mobile subscribers.Gateway devices 12 are the IP routers that either “own” the subnet towhich the IP address of mobile device 20 belongs, or that route trafficto the IP router that “owns” the subnet. Example gateway devices are aMobile IP Home Agent (HA) or a Mobile IP Foreign Agent (FA). Otherexample gateway devices in WiMax are the access services network (ASN)gateway or connectivity services network (CSN) gateway in WiMax. In somecases, IP gateway and mobile broadband remote access server (BRAS)functionality may be located on the same device, e.g., gateway devices12. A Mobile BRAS provides subscriber management services to mobilesubscribers, e.g., mobile device 20.

Cellular network 10 may also include one or more backhaul networks (notshown in FIG. 1). The backhaul networks connect the base stations 18 tothe gateway devices 12. The backhaul networks are layer 2 networks (froma mobile subscriber's perspective) that provide connectivity from thebase stations 18 to the gateway devices 12. Cellular network 10 may alsoinclude a Backhaul Network Gateway (BNG) (not shown). The BNG acts asthe gateway between the Layer 2 Backhaul Network and the gateway devices12. In some cases, the BNGs may be the same devices as the IP mobileGateways, e.g., gateway devices 12.

In accordance with the principles of the invention, the techniquesdescribed herein provide a network-based macro mobility technique for anetwork such as cellular network 10 that uses IP/MPLS for wirelinesubscribers, by extending the existing IP/MPLS control plane of network10. The network-based macro mobility technique described herein is builton extensions to a routing protocol such as BGP and VPNs such as Layer 2VPNs or Layer 3 VPNs. This technique, referred to as Mobile MPLS, isaccess-independent in that the micro mobility technique described hereinmay be used in conjunction with WiMax, LTE, or other accesstechnologies, and leverages the existing IP/MPLS control plane and dataplane of the packet-based portion of network 10.

One advantage of the Mobile MPLS techniques described herein is thatthere is no need to run a separate control plane and data plane formicro mobility in an IP/MPLS mobile backhaul network. For example, aseparate WiMax micro mobility control plane between a WiMax Base stationand ASN gateway should not be necessary in an IP/MPLS-based mobilebackhaul network. In this manner, the techniques described herein mayavoid potential scaling limitations found in other techniques that lackcontrol plane hierarchy and require periodic refresh of control planemessages, such as Mobile IP, Client Mobile IPv4 (CMIPv4) and ProxyMobile IP (PMIP). The techniques may also avoid certain security issuesthat arise in inter-provider CMIPv4 and PMIP, which require directpeerings between the provider edge (PE) devices that are Home Agents(HAs) and Foreign Agents (FAs).

Mobile Subscribers belonging to a particular Mobile Provider are said tobe part of a “Mobile VPN” which is defined by a set of Route-Targets,administered by the Mobile Provider. IP gateways and other provider edge(PE) devices that are in the macro mobility domain are part of themobile VPN.

One of the challenges in building a macro mobility technique is thetradeoff between efficient routing and mobile subscriber state. Toaddress this challenge, the macro mobility techniques described hereinallows cellular network 10 to route mobile subscriber traffic in one oftwo modes, referred to as an “optimal routing” mode and a “triangularrouting” mode. In the optimal routing mode, the techniques provide theability for unicast traffic destined for mobile device 20 to be routeddirectly to the particular gateway device 12 to which mobile device 20is currently connected, i.e., with which mobile device 20 is currentlycommunicating. The techniques extend IP VPN routing mechanisms toperform optimal routing, also referred to herein as “Mobile SubscriberRouting,” and thus giving the service provider the option to avoidtriangular routing. Optimal routing allows an optimal path to be usedfor routing unicast traffic to mobile device 20. Use of the optimalrouting mode may improve latency and bandwidth usage, but comes at thecost of increasing per subscriber routing state in the network, becauseoptimal routing advertises full IP addresses for each mobile subscriber(/32 routing).

The techniques described herein also provide the service provider theoption to rely on triangular routing and avoid per subscriber routingstate for a particular mobile subscriber. When this option is used,unicast traffic for mobile device 20 is routed to a Layer 3 Anchor Point(LAP), e.g., anchor device 16. Anchor device 16 learns of the currentgateway device 12 that the mobile device 20 is connected to and tunnelsthe traffic to the gateway device 12 using IP or MPLS tunnels. Anchordevice 16 announces to the rest of cellular network 10 the reachabilityof all mobile subscribers that are using anchor device 16 as the anchorpoint for triangular routing. There can be multiple LAPs in cellularnetwork 10, each for a set of mobile subscribers. Further, thetechniques support LAP failure redundancy.

Efficient routing of packets destined to and from mobile subscriberstypically requires per subscriber routing state in cellular network 10.Other solutions such as Mobile IPv4 or Proxy Mobile IP reduce this persubscriber routing state at the cost of inefficient routing (triangularrouting). The techniques described herein allow the service provider(SP) flexibility to provide either efficient routing or avoid persubscriber state by relying on triangular routing. The tools provided bythe techniques described herein allow a SP to make such a decision on aper subscriber basis. The techniques described herein also provideaggregation of mobile subscriber state across autonomous systems (ASes).Each AS border router (ASBR) aggregates the mobile subscriber routesbelonging to subnets that are “owned” by the AS, while advertising themto other ASes. Depending on the mobile subscriber location this approachmay still provide efficient routing while not propagating the mobilesubscriber state across ASes. The techniques described herein alsosupport multicast for mobile subscribers by using the mechanisms ofBGP-MVPN, as described in further detail below.

The techniques allow a routing protocol, such as the MultiprotocolBorder Gateway Protocol (MP-BGP), to be extended in a manner thatdefines a new type of BGP advertisement, and allows these BGPadvertisements, called mobile subscriber VPN route advertisements, to becommunicated between routing devices for providing network-based macromobility. The extensions to BGP allow reachability to a mobilesubscriber to be announced, e.g., an IP address of the mobilesubscriber, a route distinguisher for the mobile VPN, and a MPLS mobileVPN label. In this manner, the techniques allow for the advertisement ofper-subscriber routing state and enable each member of the mobile VPNthat imports this route to route traffic directly to the IP gatewaydevice to which the mobile subscriber is connected.

The mobile subscriber VPN route advertisement may, for example, bedefined as network layer reachability information (NLRI) associated withan advertised route. Consequently, the mobile subscriber VPN routeadvertisement may be used to encode mobile subscriber reachabilityinformation to direct other routing devices to control network trafficassociated with the advertised route. The mobile subscriber VPN routeadvertisement is defined in an extensible manner that allows a variablenumber of attributes to be specified. Moreover, the mobile subscriberVPN route advertisement may be defined in a manner that causes theencoded mobile subscriber reachability information to be treated asopaque BGP data. As a result, routers and other network devices that donot support the extension ignore the encoded mobile subscriberreachability information.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary embodiment of agateway device 30 in further detail. Gateway device 30 may comprise arouter, a switch, a hub or any gateway device capable of implementingthe techniques described herein. For example, gateway device 30 may beone of gateway devices 12 of FIG. 1.

In the illustrated embodiment, router 10 includes interface cards34A-34N (collectively, “IFCs 34”) that receive and send packet flows viainbound network links 35A-35N (collectively, “inbound network links 35”)and outbound network links 36A-36N (collectively, “outbound networklinks 36”), respectively. IFCs 34 are typically coupled to inboundnetwork links 35 and outbound network links 36 via a number of interfaceports (not shown), and forward and receive packets and controlinformation from control unit 32 via a respective one of paths 37A-37N(collectively, “paths 37”). Gateway device 30 may include a chassis (notshown) having a number of slots for receiving a set of cards, includingIFCs 34. Each card may be inserted into a corresponding slot of achassis for communicably coupling the card to a control unit 32 via abus, backplane, or other electrical communication mechanism.

Control unit 32 comprises routing protocols 40A-40N (collectively,“routing protocols 40”), routing information 42, and forwardinginformation 43. Routing protocols 40 represent a set of routingprotocols implemented via control unit 32, e. g, via one or moresoftware processes. Gateway device 30 exchanges routing information 42with other routing devices by sending and receiving networkcommunications in accordance with routing protocols 40, thereby learningthe topology of the network and, more specifically, routes to othernetwork devices within the network. Routing protocols 40 may includeexterior routing protocols to exchange routing information 42 withrouters of other domains or autonomous systems, e.g. via the BGP routingprotocol 40A. In addition, or alternatively, routing protocols 40 mayinclude interior routing protocols, e.g., the IS-IS routing protocol40N, to learn of “internal” routes, i.e., routes to destinations withinthe same network as gateway device 30.

Control unit 32 includes a programmable microprocessor, memory, storagemedia and interconnected hardware necessary to store data and/or executesoftware instructions for routing protocols 40, routing information 42,forwarding information 43, mobile subscriber VPN routes 44, VPLS 45, andsubscriber context 46. The architecture of gateway device 30 illustratedin FIG. 2 is for exemplary purposes only, and the principles of theinvention are not limited to this architecture. Control unit 32 mayoperate according to executable instructions fetched from one or morecomputer-readable storage media. Examples of such media include randomaccess memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), non-volatile random accessmemory (NVRAM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory(EEPROM), flash memory, and the like. The functions of gateway device 30may be implemented by executing the instructions of thecomputer-readable storage medium with one or more processors, discretehardware circuitry, firmware, software executing on a programmableprocessor, or a combination of any of the above.

Control unit 14 receives routing information 42 from other routingdevices in accordance with routing protocols 40. Based on routinginformation 42, control unit 32 generates forwarding information 43 thatassociate destination information, such as IP address prefixes, withspecific forwarding next hops (FNHs) and corresponding interface portsof IFCs 34. Forwarding information 43 may, therefore, be thought of asbased on the information contained within routing information 42.Control unit 32 maintains routing information 42 and forwardinginformation 43 in the form of one or more tables, databases, link lists,radix trees, databases, flat files, or any other data structures.

In accordance with the principles of the invention, gateway device 30may utilize one or more routing protocols 40 to distribute mobilesubscriber VPN route advertisements using mobile subscriber VPN routes44 when gateway device 30 operates in an optimal routing mode. BGPprotocol 40A may, for example, be extended to advertise a new type ofBGP advertisement to distribute the mobile subscriber VPN routes. Theextension may involve defining a new sub-address family identifier(SAFI) that identifies a BGP route advertisement as a mobile subscriberVPN route advertisement. The extension to the BGP protocol allowsdistribution of mobile subscriber VPN routes for reaching a mobiledevice 20. In one example embodiment, BGP protocol 40A may comprise anextended multiprotocol-BGP (MP-BGP) protocol. BGP protocol 40A may alsobe extended to allow targeted mobile subscriber VPN routes to bedistributed by the gateway device 30 to an anchor device 16 when gatewaydevice 30 operates in a triangular routing mode. The targeted mobilesubscriber VPN routes enable the anchor device 16 to learn theparticular gateway device 30 that the mobile subscriber is connected toin order to tunnel packets destined for the mobile device 20 to thegateway device.

The mobile subscriber VPN route advertisement is defined in accordancewith one of routing protocols 40, e.g., BGP 40A, so that the mobilesubscriber VPN route advertisement is advertised according to theprotocol. In one embodiment, the mobile subscriber VPN routeadvertisement includes information elements that are defined as networklayer reachability information (NLRI) that is communicated in accordancewith BGP protocol 40A when advertising the mobile subscriber VPN routeadvertisement.

FIG. 3A is a block diagram illustrating an example data type 60 that maybe included within a mobile subscriber VPN route advertisementdistributed by gateway device 30 using an extended routing protocol suchas BGP protocol 40A. For example, the information elements may beencoded in a variable length field 62 of the mobile subscriber VPN routeadvertisement distributed by BGP 40A of gateway device 30 as a BGProuting protocol message. In the illustrated embodiment, data type 60 isencoded as a two-byte field length value 61 followed by a variablelength field 62. Field length value 61 specifies the length of field 62,which may vary depending on how many information elements are encodedwithin field 62. Example information elements that may be included arean IP address of the mobile subscriber, a mobile subscriber identifierthat is assigned at authentication of the mobile subscriber, a next hopof the mobile subscriber (in some cases, e.g., a gateway device thatoriginates the mobile subscriber VPN route advertisement), aroute-distinguisher (RD) of the mobile VPN, an MPLS mobile VPN label fortunneling VPN traffic associated with the mobile device to the gatewaydevice to which the mobile device is now attached, or other information.In one embodiment, field 62 includes any number of field elements 63,such a mobile subscriber IP address 63A, a next hop 63B, a mobile VPN RD63C, and an MPLS mobile VPN label 63D. Other information elements notshown may also be encoded within the mobile subscriber VPN routeadvertisement.

Various approaches may be applied for assigning the MPLS mobile VPNlabels. For example, MPLS mobile VPN labels may comprise a label that isassigned on a per-prefix basis (e.g., per-mobile subscriber). As anotherexample, the MPLS mobile VPN labels may comprise a label that isassigned per next hop towards the gateway device, e.g., per customeredge device. As a further example, the MPLS mobile VPN labels maycomprise a label that is assigned per virtual routing and forwarding(VRF) table. In this example, a device receives a mobile subscriber VPNroute advertisement, does look-up in its VRF table to determine theinterface on which to output the mobile subscriber VPN routeadvertisement, and outputs the mobile subscriber VPN route advertisementon this interface.

In one example embodiment, the information elements may be encodedwithin an L3VPN unicast NLRI. In other example embodiments, a newsubsequent address family identifier (SAFI) may be defined that providesinformation about the information elements carried as NLRI. Moreover,the information elements may be defined in a manner that causes theinformation elements to be treated as opaque BGP data. As a result,routers and other network devices that do not support the extensionignore the encoded information elements when communicated by BGPprotocol 40A.

Gateway device 30 may distribute the mobile subscriber VPN routes 44 viamobile subscriber VPN routes using MP-BGP, and may reuse L3 VPNmechanisms such as Route-Targets (RTs). The RT carried in the mobilesubscriber VPN route advertisement has semantics such that this routeadvertisement is to be propagated to all the members of the mobile VPNin the autonomous system.

Gateway device 30 distributes the mobile subscriber VPN routeadvertisement to all the other members of the mobile VPN. The mobilesubscriber VPN route advertisement provides per-subscriber routing stateand enables each member of the mobile VPN that imports the route fromthis advertisement to route traffic directly to gateway device 30 towhich the mobile subscriber is connected. This allows the serviceprovider to elect to replace triangular routing at the cost ofintroducing per-subscriber routing state. The gateway device (e.g.,gateway device 30) that outputs the extended routing protocol message toannounce the mobile subscriber VPN route becomes the new anchor devicefor the mobile subscriber. In this case, therefore, the anchor device isthe same device as the gateway device to which the subscriber isconnected, unlike the triangular routing case.

A second building block employed by gateway device 30 is the mechanismto provide triangular routing as an option that can be selected by theservice provider. A gateway device 30 to which a mobile subscriberconnects is not required to originate a mobile subscriber VPN route toall PEs in the Mobile VPN for that mobile subscriber. Instead a serviceprovider associated with gateway device 30 may decide to use triangularrouting for the mobile subscriber. The service provider may, forexample, decide which mode to use based on Service Level Agreements(SLAs) associated with the mobile subscriber. For example, the serviceprovider may choose one mode for mobile subscribers having one type ofSLA and another mode for mobile subscribers having a different type ofSLA and may configure gateway device 30 accordingly.

In the triangular routing case, the anchor device is not the same deviceas the gateway device for the mobile subscriber, but rather a separatedevice. In this case, gateway device 30 updates the anchor device withthe knowledge that packets for the mobile subscriber are to be routed tothe gateway device 30. The anchor device is the next-hop to the best BGProute for the mobile subscriber. To update the Anchor Point, gatewaydevice 30 originates a “Targeted Mobile VPN route” advertisement inaccordance with the techniques described herein. The informationelements in this route advertisement may the same as those of the datatype 60 of the mobile subscriber VPN route advertisement describedabove. However the route-target in this case is an IP-based route-targetwhich is constructed from the IP address of the anchor device. Thismobile subscriber VPN route is imported only by the anchor device havingthat IP address, which auto-configures this route-target as an importroute-target. This enables the anchor device to learn the gateway device30 that a mobile subscriber is connected to by way of the VPN routeadvertisement described herein and tunnel packets destined for themobile subscriber to the gateway device 30 that announced the mobilesubscriber VPN route advertisement. For example, the anchor device andthe gateway device may establish the tunnels as IP or MPLS tunnels. Agateway device 30 that announces mobile subscriber VPN routes mayaggregate reachability to multiple mobile subscribers in one routeadvertisement when possible. This may reduce the per subscriber routingstate in the network.

The mobile subscriber VPN route advertisements and targeted mobilesubscriber VPN route advertisements provide gateway device 30 (and hencea service provider) with the flexibility to trade off between efficientsubscriber routing at the cost of per-subscriber state in the networkand triangular routing. This tradeoff can be made on a per subscriberbasis.

Additionally or alternatively, BGP protocol 40A may be extended in amanner that allows subscriber context information to be conveyed to andreceived from other network devices so that the subscriber contextinformation is available to the new gateway device when a handoff of amobile device 20 occurs from one gateway device to another. As describedherein, the routing protocol extension allows a variable number ofsubscriber context information elements to be specified and communicatedto other routing devices as opaque data within a routing message. Forexample, a level or quality of service, QoS scheduling, rate-limiting,policing parameters, encryption keys, address information, per-flowclassifiers/filters, multicast group memberships, charging andaccounting information to account for the services provided to theparticular mobile device, and/or other subscriber context may bespecified in accordance with the techniques described herein.

In order to convey subscriber context 46, a subscriber context data typeis described herein for encoding subscriber context. The subscribercontext data type may, for example, be defined in accordance with one ofrouting protocols 40, e.g., BGP 40A, so that the encoded subscribercontext may be associated with routes advertised according to theprotocol. In this manner, when sharing routing information 42 with otherrouters, control unit 32 may readily encode subscriber context andcommunicate the subscriber context with the routing information.

For example, in one embodiment, the subscriber context data type isdefined as network layer reachability information (NLRI) that is readilycommunicated as opaque data within a routing advertisement in accordancewith BGP protocol 40A when advertising routes. Moreover, the subscribercontext data type may be defined in a manner that causes the subscribercontext to be treated as opaque BGP data. As a result, routers and othernetwork devices that do not support the extension ignore the encodedsubscriber context when communicated by BGP protocol 40A.

Applying these techniques to an existing routing protocol (such as BGP)leverages use of the existing infrastructure for the protocol, such asthe protocol algorithms, operational experience, and administrativeprocesses, such as inter-provider peering agreements. In short, thetechniques use an already-established communications infrastructure.Consequently, deployment of the techniques described herein may beaccelerated by utilization of these existing systems. The establishedcommunications infrastructure includes an internal route distributioninfrastructure, and external relationships, such as inter-domain BGPsessions to a customer network.

FIG. 3B illustrates an exemplary subscriber context data type 70 definedfor encoding subscriber context 46 (FIG. 2) within a routingcommunication according to a routing protocol that is extended asdescribed herein. For example, subscriber context data type 70 may beencoded within a BGP routing communication distributed by BGP 40A ofgateway device 30. In the illustrated embodiment, subscriber contextdata type 70 is encoded as a two-byte field length value 71 followed bya variable length field 72. Field length value 71 specifies the lengthof field 72, which varies in one embodiment, depending on how manyelements of subscriber context are encoded within field 72. Examplesubscriber context that may optionally be included are a subscriber IPaddress, a level or quality of service, QoS scheduling, rate-limiting,policing parameters, encryption keys, address information, per-flowclassifiers/filters, multicast group memberships, charging andaccounting information to account for the services provided to theparticular mobile device, or other subscriber context. In oneembodiment, field 72 includes any number of field elements 73, such assubscriber IP address 73A, QoS level 73B, multicast group ID 73C, andencryption keys 73D (collectively, “elements 73”). Other field elements73 beyond those shown may also be included.

FIG. 4 is a flowchart illustrating example operation of a gateway devicethat operates in accordance with the principles of the invention. Forexemplary purposes, FIG. 4 will be explained in reference to FIGS. 1-2and, in particular, gateway devices 12 and 30. Gateway device 12Breceives a request from mobile device 20 (i.e., a mobile subscriber) toconnect to gateway device 12B (78). This may occur, for example, whenmobile device 20 moves from base station 18M, where gateway device 12Ais the gateway to public network 22, to base station 18N, where gatewaydevice 12B is the gateway to public network 22. When mobile device 20 nolonger connects to gateway device 12A but instead has moved to alocation wherein the mobile device attempts to establish networkconnectivity and data service via gateway device 12B, gateway device 12Bneeds to authenticate the subscriber in the context of the mobilenetwork and determine the Mobile VPN to which mobile device 20 belongs(80). Gateway device 12B may determine the Mobile VPN using variousmechanisms, many of which rely on using the identity of mobile device 20to determine the Mobile VPN. For example, gateway device 12B maydetermine the identity of mobile device 20 by the physical or virtualinterface or interconnect used by mobile device 20 to associate with thegateway device 12B, or gateway device 12B may determine the identity ofmobile device 20 based on the result of a dynamic authenticationprocedure that gateway device 12B uses to authenticate mobile device 20.

Next, a service provider configuring gateway device 12B may choosebetween using an optimal routing mode and a triangular routing mode forrouting packets associated with mobile device 20. For example, gatewaydevice 12B may be configured to use optimal routing instead oftriangular routing if latency and bandwidth conservation are of concernto the service provider and efficient routing is desired. In oneembodiment, gateway device 12B is configured to automatically select theappropriate routing mode based on a Service Level Agreement (SLA)associated with the mobile subscriber. For example, gateway device 12Bmay be configured with a policy that allows the gateway device 12B toautomatically select from between the optimal routing mode and thetriangular routing mode depending on a level of service associated witha particular mobile subscriber. Gateway device 12B may determine thelevel of service of the mobile subscriber using Remote AuthenticationDial-In User Service (RADIUS) (e.g., by accessing a RADIUS server). Asanother example, gateway device 12B may perform deep packet inspection(DPI) to determine a type of application being used by the mobilesubscriber, and can select from between the two modes based on theapplication. For example, if gateway device 12B determines by DPI thatthe mobile subscriber is using a Voice over IP call application, gatewaydevice 12B may be configured to select the optimal routing mode.

If gateway device 12B will not use triangular routing for mobile device20 (NO branch of 82) but rather chooses to use optimal routing, gatewaydevice 12B announces to other gateway devices reachability to mobiledevice 20 using a mobile subscriber VPN route (“MS VPN route”) (84). Asdescribed above, gateway device 12B distributes the MS VPN route using arouting advertisement conforming to a routing protocol such as MP-BGP toall members of the mobile VPN (86). The route advertisement carries theNO_EXPORT community ensuring that it is not advertised outside the AS.

The mobile subscriber VPN route advertisement may include informationelements such as the IP address of mobile device 20, identification ofthe next hop used to reach mobile device 20 (here, gateway device 12B),the mobile VPN route-distinguisher (RD), an MPLS mobile VPN label, orother information elements.

If gateway device 12B is also the DHCP server used by mobile device 20to obtain its IP address, then gateway device 12B already knows the IPaddress of mobile device 20. If this is not the case, gateway device 12Bdetermines the current IP address of mobile device 20. This can bedetermined as a result of gateway device 12B authenticating mobiledevice 20, i.e., when gateway device 12B determines the identity ofmobile device 20.

The mobile subscriber VPN route advertisement distributed by gatewaydevice 12B provides per-subscriber routing state and enables each memberof the mobile VPN that imports this route to route traffic directly togateway device 12B to which mobile device 20 is connected. This replacestriangular routing at the cost of introducing per-subscriber routingstate. Gateway device 12B becomes the anchor device for mobile device 20(88). In this case, therefore, the anchor device is the same device asthe gateway device to which mobile device 20 is connected, unlike thetriangular routing case.

Gateway device 12B may, alternatively, be configured to use triangularrouting for mobile device 20 instead of optimal routing. For example, aservice provider may configure gateway device 12B to use triangularrouting if the service provider prefers to avoid per-subscriber routingstate in cellular network 10. If gateway device 12B uses triangularrouting for mobile device 20 (YES branch of 82), gateway device 12Bupdates the current anchor device (e.g., anchor device 16) with theknowledge that packets for mobile device 20 must be routed to gatewaydevice 12B instead of to gateway device 12A (90). The anchor device isthe next-hop to the best BGP route for mobile device 20. To updateanchor device 16, gateway device 12B originates a targeted Mobile VPNroute advertisement that announces reachability to mobile device 20(92). The information elements in this route advertisement may the sameas those of the data type 60 of the mobile subscriber VPN routeadvertisement described above with respect to FIG. 3A. However theroute-target in this case is an IP-based route-target which isconstructed from the IP address of anchor device 16. Thus, this mobilesubscriber VPN route is imported only by anchor device 16 (94), whichauto-configures this route-target as an import route-target. In thismanner, anchor device 16 learns of the current gateway device 12 towhich the mobile device 20 is connected. Anchor device 16 tunnels thetraffic destined for the mobile device 20 to the gateway device 12 usingIP or MPLS tunnels (96). Anchor device 16 announces to the rest ofcellular network 10 the reachability of all mobile subscribers that areusing anchor device 16 as the anchor point for triangular routing.

A gateway device that announces a mobile subscriber VPN routeadvertisement, such as gateway device 12B, may aggregate reachability tomultiple mobile subscribers in one route when possible. This may reducethe per subscriber routing state in cellular network 10.

Mobile subscribers in a Mobile VPN need to be able to send and receivepackets to/from destination addresses that are not in the Mobile VPN.The most common case for the destinations is to be in the Internet,i.e., in public network 22. This may be achieved by using the Internetaccess mechanisms of IP VPNs, which require the route to the destinationto be determined from the Internet routing table if it is not in thevirtual routing and forwarding (VRF) table. Similarly, the Internetaccess mechanisms of IP VPNs require packets received over the Internetto be routed using the Mobile VPN based on policies. The Internet accessmechanisms may also be used for a mobile subscriber in one mobileservice provider to connect to a mobile subscriber in another mobileservice provider. This is described further below.

Considerations for inter autonomous system interactions will now bediscussed. In many cases, it may be beneficial for per-subscriberrouting state to be limited to a single autonomous system (AS). Thus, insome embodiments the mobile subscriber VPN route advertisements are notpropagated outside an AS by default. Instead, an autonomous systemborder router (ASBR) advertises an aggregate Mobile VPN routeadvertisement, in external BGP (EBGP), having a route that summarizesreachability to all mobile subscribers on subnets owned by gatewaydevices in the AS. The “Home AS” of a mobile subscriber (MS) is the ASbelonging to the gateway device which owns the mobile subscriber'ssubnet. If a gateway device to which a MS connects determines that thesubnet of the MS is in another AS, then the gateway device should notadvertise a mobile subscriber VPN route advertisement.

As long as the MS is in the same AS, this means that unicast traffic tothe MS is first tunneled to an ASBR in this AS. The ASBR can then tunnelthis traffic to the gateway device the MS is connected to (in the caseof per-subscriber routing) or to the anchor device (in the case oftriangular routing). Thus if the MS is in the same AS, summarization byan ASBR does not impact routing efficiency.

However, if macro mobility is desired across multiple ASes (e.g., in thecase that the mobile VPN spans multiple ASes), the techniquesautomatically fall back to triangular routing if the MS moves outsideits AS. In this case the unicast traffic, originated outside the homeAS, destined to the subscriber is first tunneled to an ASBR in the homeAS. The ASBR then tunnels this traffic to the gateway device, in anotherAS, that the MS is connected to.

Note that the gateway device (outside the home AS) that the subscriberis connected to sends a Targeted Mobile VPN route to the ASBR which actsas the anchor device. Optionally a gateway device that a MS is connectedto may advertise a MS VPN route for the gateway device, even if thesubnet of the MS belongs to another AS. In this case the ASBRs of thisnon-home AS may propagate this route in EBGP.

One mechanism to provide inter-provider connectivity is to useinter-provider IP VPN mechanisms such as Inter-AS Option A, Option B, orOption C. For further details on Inter-AS Option A, Option B, and OptionC, see Rosen, E.C., “BGP/MPLS IP VPNs,”draft-ietf-l3vpn-rfc2547bis-03.txt, October 2004, the entire contents ofwhich is incorporated by reference herein. This is possible if theproviders concerned are all using Mobile VPN mechanisms. If one of theproviders is using Mobile IP instead then Mobile IP needs to beinterworked with Mobile VPN mechanisms.

Turning to another aspect of the macro mobility approach, the techniquesdescribed herein for macro mobility also leverage BGP-MVPN for mobilemulticast. First consider a mobile device 20 that is receiving amulticast stream from a wireline source. When the mobile device 20connects to gateway device 12, the gateway device 12 receives amulticast join request from the mobile device 20. This could be an IGMPjoin. The gateway device 12 follows BGP MVPN procedures to propagatethis state towards a PE (in the mobile VPN) that it picks as theUpstream Multicast Hop (UMH) for the wireline source. The gateway device12 receives multicast traffic from the UMH. The rate of join/prunes ofmulticast state for a mobile device 20 is determined by the rate atwhich a mobile device 20 moves from one gateway device 12 to another.

In another scenario, mobile device 20 may be a multicast source. In thiscase other PEs with MSes that wish to receive this traffic send theirc-multicast routes to the gateway device 12 that mobile device 20 isconnected to (for per subscriber routing) or to the anchor device 16(for triangular routing). When triangular routing is used the anchordevice 16 propagates the c-multicast route to the gateway device 12 thatmobile device 20 is connected to. The gateway device 12 that mobiledevice 20 is connected to sends the multicast traffic on either I-PMSIor S-PMSI. Note that even though the c-multicast routes, in the case oftriangular routing, are propagated via the anchor device 16 the datatraffic does not necessarily flow via the anchor device 16.

The proposed macro mobility approach also addresses issues related tofast handoff. In the case of Per-MS VPN routing, when mobile device 20moves from gateway device 12A to gateway device 12B, the new gatewaydevice 12B originates a mobile subscriber VPN route advertisement. Untilthis route advertisement is received and processed by other networkelements in cellular network 10 and their forwarding state updated, thenetwork elements continue to forward traffic to the old gateway device12A. In the absence of extra mechanisms the handoff duration is the timerequired for all network elements to complete their forwarding updatesas the old gateway device 12A drops the traffic. This time can be in theorder of seconds.

Several approaches for enabling a fast handoff are proposed herein aspart of the macro mobility techniques. A first approach to reducing thishandoff time is to let the old gateway device 12A tunnel traffic to thenew gateway device 12B if: (1) the old gateway device 12A receivestraffic destined to the MS and (2) the old gateway device 12A hasreceived the mobile subscriber VPN route advertisement from the newgateway device 12B. This can occur if the old gateway device 12Areceives and processed this route before the other network elements.This approach is likely to reduce the handoff time, especially if thepropagation of the mobile subscriber VPN route advertisement to the oldgateway device 12A is optimized.

A second approach to reducing this handoff time is to create the conceptof a “Handoff IPGW-zone (HIZ).” For a particular IP Gateway (IPGW) theHIZ is the set of IPGWs in the geographical vicinity of the gatewaydevice 12 that a mobile device 20 is likely to move to. The HIZ isconfigured on a particular gateway device 12. When an old gateway device12 receives traffic for a particular mobile device 20, it may tunnelthis traffic to all the other IPGWs in the HIZ with the assumption thatthe MS has moved to one of them (even if the old gateway device 12 hasnot received the mobile subscriber VPN route advertisement from the newgateway device 12). If the new gateway device 12 is in the HIZ, itforwards this traffic while the other IPGWs drop the traffic. Apoint-to-multipoint (P2MP) LSP can be used by the old gateway device 12for the tunneling the traffic, where the old gateway is the singlesource of the P2MP tunnel and the set of IPGWs to which the mobiledevice 20 is likely to move are the egress devices. U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 11/212,509, entitled AGGREGATE MULTICAST TREES FORMULTICAST VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORKS, describes techniques forestablishing P2MP tunnels, the entire contents of which is incorporatedherein by reference.

Multiple Mobile VPNs can use the same P2MP LSP for this tunneling withthe aid of an upstream assigned label for demultiplexing a Mobile VPN.For example, the old gateway may allocate different inner labels fortunneling traffic for different Mobile VPNs to the set of IPGWs over thesame P2MP LSP using the same outer label indicative of the P2MP LSP.This approach is likely to significantly reduce the handoff time andpotentially reduce it to the order of 10s or 100s of milliseconds. Thecost involved is the extra bandwidth consumed when the old gatewaydevice 12 tunnels the traffic to the HIZ. In other words, there is atradeoff between fast handoff times and bandwidth utilization.

In the case of triangular routing, when mobile device 20 moves fromgateway device 12A to gateway device 12B, all network elements continueto send traffic to the anchor device 16. The new gateway device 12Bgenerates a Targeted Mobile VPN route advertisement to the anchor device16. Hence in the absence of extra mechanisms the handoff duration is thetime required for the anchor device 16 to receive this route and updateits forwarding state. It is possible to reduce this time significantlyby letting the old gateway device 12A tunnel the traffic to its HIZ asin the Per-MS VPN Routing case above.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart illustrating example operation of a gateway devicein transferring subscriber context 46 when a subscriber device moves toa location requiring a new gateway device. For example, the gatewaydevice may be one of gateway devices 12 and 30 (FIGS. 1 and 2). Asmentioned above, the proposed network-based mobility architecture alsoincludes an approach to the subscriber context transfer problem.Specifically, the approach described herein provides a subscribercontext transfer mechanism for mobile subscriber management built onextensions to BGP and BGP-MPLS Layer 3 VPNs.

FIG. 5 will be explained with reference to FIG. 1, and assumes thatgateway devices 12A-12B are broadband remote access servers (BRASs). Asexplained, subscriber management may instantiate dynamic policies on theBRAS upon relocation of the subscriber device. Consider first a wirelinesubscriber that is using a Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) applicationfor voice communication. The mobile device 20 may be the SIP client,i.e., the SIP application may be running on the mobile device 20. Whenthe SIP application starts, the BRAS receives SIP signaling from mobiledevice 20 and directs the SIP signaling to the SIP server, which in turnresults in dynamic policies being instantiated on a BRAS (e.g. thefiltering rules, policing rules, queuing rules, etc.). Once this is donethe SIP application server is not involved in the data path of the SIPapplication.

Now consider the same case when a mobile subscriber such as mobiledevice 20 is using a SIP application. As long as the BRAS/gateway device12 that the mobile device 20 is “connected to” stays fixed, the behavioris as described above for the wireline case. That is, when the SIPapplication starts, the BRAS receives signaling message in the form of adata session request from the mobile subscriber (100), and the BRASdirects the SIP signaling message to the SIP server (102). At thispoint, dynamic policies are instantiated on the BRAS, e.g., using RADIUS(104). The BRAS processes communications with mobile device 20 inaccordance with the subscriber context of mobile device 20 including thepolicies that apply to mobile device 20 (106). However if the mobiledevice 20 moves such that it has to connect via a different MobileBRAS/gateway device 12, there must be a mechanism for the new MobileBRAS/gateway device 12 to instantiate the subscriber's policies. This isbecause the SIP application server is not involved anymore (as the SIPsignaling has occurred and one point of macro mobility is to retain thesubscriber's IP address).

One embodiment of a solution to this problem described herein uses amechanism for the first BRAS (in this case, gateway device 12A) totransfer the context of the subscriber to the second BRAS (gatewaydevice 12B). A dynamic context transfer protocol is described hereinthat leverages the existing IP/MPLS control plane. For example,techniques are described for providing an approach to the contexttransfer problem built on extensions to BGP and BGP-MPLS Layer 3 VPNs.The BRAS/gateway device 12 that wishes to advertise context informationfor mobile device 20 advertises a mobile subscriber VPN routeadvertisement as described above (110). This route advertisementcontains BGP attributes that encode the context information, as shown inFIG. 3B. In some embodiments, the gateway device may be configured toadvertise a mobile subscriber VPN route advertisement for eachsubscriber device preemptively, thereby enabling a “make before break”handoff in which the context information is transferred to the newgateway prior to handoff to that gateway. In other embodiments, thegateway device may be configured to advertise a mobile subscriber VPNroute advertisement only upon a certain trigger that indicates that thesubscriber will be moving or has moved to a different gateway.

The information elements and encoding of these attributes may takevarious forms. Upon receiving the mobile subscriber VPN routeadvertisement (112), all the BRASes in cellular network 10 that arelikely to require the context transfer information (114) will importthis route (116) while the other network elements discard the route(118). The route carries a “Context Transfer route target” that isconfigured only on potential BRASes that may potentially require thecontext transfer information. In this manner, the advertising BRAS sendsthe subscriber context to all neighboring BRAS routers to which themobile subscriber can move to prior to the mobile subscriber relocating.

The context transfer mechanism described above may be deployed inconjunction with existing mobility techniques, such as Mobile IP. Inother words, it is not necessary to deploy all of the network basedmobility techniques described here in order to deploy the contexttransfer technique described above.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram illustrating an example cellular network 120that utilizes Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS) for micro mobility. InFIG. 6, cellular network 120 includes cell site 122 coupled to a metroregional site 124 by VPLS backhaul networks 126A-126B (“VPLS backhaulnetworks 126”). VPLS backhaul networks 126 may be IP/MPLS metro backhaulnetworks, and may include transport mechanisms such as Time DivisionMultiplexed (TDM), Metro-E, WiMax, Digital Subscriber Line (DSL), andthe like. A mobile device 130 within cellular network 120 connects to aWide Area Network (WAN) 128 (e.g., the Internet) using cellular network120.

Mobility of a mobile device 130 that remains anchored at a single IPmobile gateway (e.g., gateway device 132) is called micro mobility. Asshown in FIG. 6, gateway device 132 is connected to one or more BNGs134A-134D (“BNGs 134”). Each BNG 134 aggregates traffic from a mobilebackhaul network 126. In some aspects, BNGs 134 may be devices such as aWiMax Access Service Network (ASN) Gateway or a Long Term Evolution(LTE) Service Architecture Evolution (SAE) gateway. In some aspects,gateway device 132 may be a WiMax Connectivity Service Network (CSN)gateway or a LTE Packet Data Node (PDN) gateway. Gateway device 132 mayserve as both an IP gateway device and a mobile BRAS.

As long as the IP gateway 132 of a mobile device 130 doesn't change,even though the mobile device 130 may move from one of base stations136A-136Z to another or/and one BNG 134 to another, a micro mobilitysolution is sufficient to preserve the IP address and IP sessions ofmobile device 130. For a particular IP gateway, the domain in which thisIP gateway continues to be the IP gateway of a mobile subscriber iscalled the “micro mobility domain.” The portion of cellular network 120shown in FIG. 6 consists of a micro mobility domain. Note that mobiledevice 130 may move from one backhaul network 126A to another backhaulnetwork 126B, but if the gateway device 132 used by mobile device 130 asthe “next-hop” for IP reachability doesn't change, mobile device 130 isin the micro mobility domain of gateway device 132.

In FIG. 6, mobile device 130 is a mobile subscriber, the IP gateway ofwhich is gateway device 132. As long as mobile device 130 is attached toone of base stations 136A-136Z (“base stations 136”) it is said to be inthe micro mobility domain of gateway device 132. Backhaul elements138A-138C (“backhaul elements 138”) are backhaul network elements towhich base stations 136 are connected. Base stations 136 may be LTE basestations, IP base stations, and/or WiMax base stations.

A feature that enables VPLS to be a natural fit for micro mobility isthe MAC learning capability in a VPLS. MAC learning allows the locationof the mobile subscriber to be determined, i.e., the backhaul element towhich the mobile subscriber is currently attached. MAC learning alsoallows dynamic update of that location at the IPNGs.

The micro mobility technique described herein utilizes VPLS deployed inthe backhaul networks 126. For example, gateway device 30 (FIG. 2)executes VPLS module 45 to support VPLS in the control plane and dataplane, which allows gateway device 132 to operate as a member of a VPLSinstance. Backhaul elements 138 or the base stations 136 also supportVPLS. For the rest of this section it is assumed that VPLS is deployedon backhaul elements 138, but not on the base stations 136. However, thediscussion in this section is equally applicable to the case when VPLSis deployed on base stations 136 and/or backhaul elements 138. Thebackhaul networks 126 may be shared between multiple mobile serviceproviders. This discussion will assume that there is a single VPLSinstance in the backhaul networks 126 per mobile service provider,though there may in fact be multiple VPLS instances per mobile serviceprovider.

This discussion will assume that backhaul elements 138 and gatewaydevice 132 are configured with a VPLS instance “VPLS-A.” Further, it isassumed that base stations 136 are the sites in VPLS-A on backhaulelements 138 respectively, and each of these connections are uniquesites in VPLS-A.

FIG. 7 is a flowchart illustrating example operation of network devicesin a micro mobility domain consistent with the principles of theinvention. FIG. 7 is explained with reference to FIG. 6, and illustratesforwarding at mobile device 130 and gateway device 132 when mobiledevice 130 is stationary. Mobile device 130 determines the IP addressfor the next-hop of IP packets via DHCP, typically using the name of thegateway server in the request (140). For packets in a subnet differentfrom that of mobile device 130, this next-hop is gateway device 132. Inorder to determine the destination MAC of such packets, mobile device130 sends an Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) request to base station136B, where the ARP request specifies the IP address learned by the DHCPquery (142). Base station 136B acts as a layer 2 device and sends thisARP request to backhaul element 138B (144). VPLS-A instance on backhaulelement 138B floods this ARP request to all the other members of theVPLS (146). Gateway device 132 responds to this ARP request with its ownMAC address (148). Further, gateway device 132 learns that the MACaddress of mobile device 130 is reachable via the pseudowire (PW)between the gateway device and base station 136B (150). When gatewaydevice 132 receives IP packets destined to the IP address of mobiledevice 130, gateway device 132 forwards these packets using VPLS-Athrough the VPLS pseudowire (152). These packets are forwarded by theVPLS instance on gateway device 132, to backhaul element 138B since theMAC address of mobile device 130 is reachable via the PW to backhaulelement 138B (154).

FIG. 8 is a flowchart illustrating another example operation of networkdevices in a micro mobility domain. FIG. 8 illustrates forwarding at amobile device 130 and gateway device 132 when mobile device 130 movesfrom one base station to another.

Assume that mobile device 130 moves from base station 136B to basestation 136M (160). Further assume that mobile device 130 generatespackets with the next-hop as gateway device 132 (162). When gatewaydevice 132 receives such packets (164), gateway device 132 re-learnsthat the MAC address of mobile device 130 is reachable via thepseudowire to base station 136M (166). This “re-learning” processenables gateway device 132 to track reachability to mobile device 130 asmobile device 130 moves. When gateway device 132 then receives IPpackets destined to the IP address of mobile device 130, gateway device132 forwards these packets using VPLS-A (168). These packets areforwarded by the VPLS instance on gateway device 132, to backhaulelement 138B since the MAC address of mobile device 130 is reachable viathe PW to backhaul element 138B (170).

The assumption that mobile device 130 generates packets with thenext-hop as gateway device 132 for the “re-learning” to happen may notalways be true. It may be required to flood some packets into the VPLSnetwork 126 to ensure that the MAC address of the mobile device 130 isrelearned. In some cases, the attaching base station may be required togenerate a packet on behalf of mobile device 130 to enable re-learning.The generated packet may include the source MAC address of the basestation to which the mobile device 130 moves. Further, such a packetwill also enable other backhaul elements 138 to update their MAC cacheentry for the MAC address of mobile device 130. VPLS may therefore beextended to cause the base station to which mobile device 130 moves togenerate the packet on behalf of mobile device 130 to triggerre-learning of the MAC address of mobile device 130 when mobile device130 moves.

This embodiment does not require all backhaul elements 138 to be in thesame VPLS domain. Backhaul elements 138A and 138B can be in one domainwhile backhaul element 138C is in another domain. Further, it is alsopossible to have a different VPLS domain between gateway device 132 andthe BNGs 134; and another VPLS domain between BNGs 134 and the backhaulelements 138. The proposed micro mobility techniques would reuseInter-domain VPLS mechanisms.

It is possible to provide for IP gateway device redundancy. Onemechanism to achieve this is to configure two gateway devices with thesame IP address and the same Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol (VRRP)MAC address. Only one gateway device will be active at one point of timeand receive traffic from mobile device 130. Only the active gatewaydevice will forward traffic from upstream, while the secondary gatewaydevice will drop the traffic from upstream. If the primary gatewaydevice fails, the secondary gateway device will become the VRRP masterand hence receive packets from the mobile devices.

The techniques set forth above for BGP-based macro mobility may be usedin conjunction with the techniques described above for VPLS-based micromobility. This section describes the procedures to be used when theBGP-based Macro Mobility techniques described herein are used, and amobile subscriber moves from one micro mobility domain to another. Theseprocedures are not necessary if VPLS micro mobility is used inconjunction with Mobile IP.

A mobile subscriber 130 in one micro mobility domain uses the gatewaydevice (say gateway device 132) in that domain as its next-hop. Hencethe mobile subscriber 130 uses the MAC address of the gateway device132, which the mobile subscriber 130 learns via ARP, as the destinationMAC address of the packets that mobile subscriber 132 generates. If themobile subscriber moves from the micro mobility domain of gateway device132 to the micro mobility domain of a second gateway device (not shownin FIG. 6), certain scenarios need to be handled.

The first scenario addresses what happens when the mobile subscribersends a packet with the destination MAC address of gateway device 132.The packet is received by the second gateway device. For the secondgateway device, the MAC of gateway device 132 is an unknown MAC address,and if the second gateway device were to follow default VPLS proceduresthe second gateway device would flood the packet since it is an unknownunicast packet. Instead, the second gateway device should route thepacket. Thus the second gateway device must be able to realize based onthe destination MAC address that the packet has to be treated“specially.” There could be different mechanisms to achieve this. Onemechanism may be for each gateway device to use a special well known MACaddress or MAC address from a well known range.

Another scenario addresses what happens when a mobile subscriber sendsan ARP request for the IP address of the second gateway device (sincethe second gateway device is the mobile subscriber's next-hop). In thiscase, gateway device 132 must respond to the ARP request with its MACaddress.

The standard mobile subscriber behavior when sending packets todestinations in its own subnet would be for the mobile subscriber tosend an ARP request for the destination IP address. When gateway device132 receives this ARP request, gateway device 132 needs to respond withits own MAC address.

When used in WiMax networks, the micro mobility techniques describedherein require the use of WiMax discovery mechanisms between the mobilesubscriber and the WiMax Base Station. It does not require any changesto a mobile subscriber's WiMax equipment. The micro mobility techniquesalso retain the WiMax mechanisms that enable an IP gateway device (alsoknown as an ASN Gateway) to discover the mobile subscriber and the basestation for the mobile subscriber. The micro mobility techniques alsoretain the WiMax security mechanisms.

When the micro mobility techniques of this document are used, WiMax ASNcentric mobility mechanisms must not be used. When the macro mobilitytechniques of this document are used, WiMax CSN centric mobilitymechanisms that rely on Mobile IP must not be used. The context transfermechanisms of this document can be used irrespective of which micro ormacro mobility techniques are used.

A mobile subscriber's service experience depends on the QoS policies onthe base station 136, BNG 134, Mobile backhaul network 126, gatewaydevice 132 and the mobile BRAS. At minimum this requires that the mobileBRAS have the ability to influence the QoS policies on the base station136 per subscriber. WiMax provides a mechanism for the ASN Gateway tocontrol the QoS policies on the BS. This mechanism may or may not besuited to an IP/MPLS backhaul network. Rahul: any further detailsavailable on this aspect?

The micro mobility techniques described herein using VPLS in thebackhaul network also provides an approach for multicast. Specifically,multicast may be performed using Point-to-Multipoint Label SwitchedPaths (P2MP LSPs).

Various embodiments of the invention have been described. These andother embodiments are within the scope of the following claims.

1. A method comprising: receiving, with a gateway device of a cellularnetwork, a request from a mobile device to connect to the gateway deviceto access a packet-based network, the mobile device in wirelesscommunication with a base station associated with the gateway device;selecting a mode with the gateway device for routing packets destinedfor the mobile device, wherein selecting the mode comprises selectingone of an optimal routing mode and a triangular routing mode, whereinthe optimal routing mode allows unicast traffic destined for the mobiledevice to bypass a current anchor device for the mobile device and berouted directly to the gateway device, and wherein the triangularrouting mode allows unicast traffic for the mobile device to be routedto the anchor device that tunnels the traffic to the gateway device; andin accordance with the selected mode, the gateway device advertising amobile subscriber (MS) virtual private network (VPN) route advertisementto one or more other network devices in the cellular network using anextended routing protocol, wherein the MS VPN route advertisementencodes reachability information associated with the mobile deviceconnected to the gateway device.
 2. The method of claim 1, whereinadvertising a MS VPN route advertisement comprises, upon selecting theoptimal routing mode with the gateway device, advertising the MS VPNroute advertisement with the gateway device to other network devices inthe cellular network that are members of a mobile VPN associated withthe gateway device, wherein the MS VPN route advertisement encodes afull network address associated with the mobile device.
 3. The method ofclaim 2, wherein the MS VPN route advertisement encodes a next hop ofthe mobile device, a route distinguisher of the mobile VPN in which themobile device operates, and a multiprotocol label switching (MPLS)mobile VPN label for reaching the gateway to which the mobile subscriberis connected.
 4. The method of claim 2, further comprising: uponadvertising the MS VPN route advertisement, the gateway device operatingas an anchor device for the mobile device in place of the current anchordevice for the mobile device, wherein operating as an anchor devicecomprises: storing subscriber context for the mobile device, andprocessing data communications associated with the mobile device inaccordance with the subscriber context.
 5. The method of claim 4,wherein storing the subscriber context comprises storing one or more ofa level or quality of service associated with the mobile subscriber, QoSscheduling, rate-limiting, policing parameters, per-flowclassifiers/filters, encryption keys, address information, multicastgroup memberships of the mobile subscriber, and charging and accountinginformation to account for the services provided to the mobilesubscriber.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein advertising a MS VPN routeadvertisement comprises, upon selecting the triangular routing mode withthe gateway device, advertising a targeted MS VPN route advertisementwith the gateway device to the anchor device in the cellular network toenable the anchor device to route packets destined for the mobile deviceto the gateway device, wherein the targeted MS VPN route advertisementincludes a route-target that is an Internet Protocol (IP)-basedroute-target constructed from an IP address of the anchor device, themethod further comprising receiving, with the gateway device, tunneledpackets from the anchor device destined for the mobile device.
 7. Themethod of claim 6, wherein receiving tunneled packets comprisesreceiving MPLS packets through an MPLS tunnel.
 8. The method of claim 1,wherein advertising a MS VPN route advertisement comprises, uponselecting optimal routing mode with the gateway, advertising with thegateway a MS VPN route advertisement that carries a NO_EXPORT communitythat prevents the MS VPN route advertisement from being advertisedoutside the autonomous system.
 9. The method of claim 1, whereinselecting a mode comprises selecting the mode based on a Service LevelAgreement (SLA) associated with the mobile device.
 10. The method ofclaim 1, wherein advertising the MS VPN route advertisement comprisesaggregating reachability to a plurality of mobile devices in a single MSVPN route.
 11. The method of claim 1, further comprising an autonomoussystem border router (ASBR) advertising an aggregate MS VPN routeadvertisement that summarizes reachability to all mobile devices onsubnets owned by a plurality of gateway devices in an autonomous system.12. The method of claim 1, wherein the gateway device is positioned in afirst autonomous system (AS), further comprising: receiving, with thegateway device, a request from a second mobile device to connect to thegateway device to access a packet-based network; determining, with thegateway device, whether a subnet of the second mobile device is in asecond AS different than the first AS; and advertising an MS VPN routeadvertisement for the second mobile device only when the subnet of thesecond mobile device not in a second AS different than the first AS. 13.The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving, with the gatewaydevice, a multicast join request from the mobile device, wherein themulticast join request specifies a multicast group for receiving amulticast traffic from a source; propagating the multicast join requestfrom the gateway device towards a provider edge router selected as anupstream multicast hop (UMH) in accordance with BGP multicast VPN(MPVN); receiving multicast traffic at the gateway device from the UMH;and sending the received multicast traffic to the mobile device.
 14. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the gateway device comprises a first gatewaydevice, and wherein the mobile device moves from the first gatewaydevice to a second gateway device, further comprising: receiving, withthe first gateway device, network traffic destined to the mobile device;tunneling the network traffic to the second gateway device when thefirst gateway device has received a MS VPN route advertisement from thesecond gateway device.
 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the gatewaydevice comprises a first gateway device, defining a handoff IP gatewayzone (HIZ) comprising a set of gateway devices in a geographicalvicinity of the first gateway device to which the mobile device islikely to move further comprising: receiving network traffic destinedfor the mobile device after the mobile device moves from the firstgateway device to a second gateway device; and tunneling the networktraffic to all other gateway devices in the HIZ.
 16. The method of claim1, wherein the extended routing protocol comprises an extended BorderGateway Protocol (BGP).
 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising:processing, with the gateway device, data communications associated witha data session with the mobile device in accordance with a subscribercontext associated with the mobile device, wherein the subscribercontext specifies subscriber-specific information defining one or morepolicies that are applied to the data communications, wherein the MS VPNroute advertisement encodes the subscriber context as BGP attributes ofthe MS VPN route advertisement.
 18. The method of claim 17, whereinadvertising the MS VPN route advertisement comprises advertising a MSVPN route advertisement that encodes the subscriber context as networklayer reachability information (NLRI) that is communicated in accordancewith the extended BGP protocol.
 19. The method of claim 17, wherein theextended BGP protocol defines the subscriber context as opaque BGP datasuch that network devices that do not support the extension ignore theencoded subscriber context.
 20. A gateway device of a cellular networkcomprising: an interface configured to receive a request from a mobiledevice to connect to the gateway device to access a packet-basednetwork, the mobile device in wireless communication with a base stationassociated with the gateway device; and a control unit configured toselect a mode for routing packets destined for the mobile device byselecting one of an optimal routing mode and a triangular routing mode,wherein the optimal routing mode allows unicast traffic destined for themobile device to bypass a current anchor device for the mobile deviceand be routed directly to the gateway device, and wherein the triangularrouting mode allows unicast traffic for the mobile device to be routedto the anchor device that tunnels the traffic to the gateway device,wherein the control unit is configured to execute a routing protocolthat has been extended to advertise a mobile subscriber (MS) virtualprivate network (VPN) route advertisement to one or more other networkdevices in the cellular network, wherein the MS VPN route advertisementencodes reachability information associated with the mobile deviceconnected to the gateway device.
 21. The gateway device of claim 20,wherein the extended routing protocol comprises an extended BorderGateway Protocol (BGP).
 22. The gateway device of claim 21, wherein thecontrol unit is configured to process data communications associatedwith a data session with the mobile device in accordance with asubscriber context associated with the mobile device, wherein thesubscriber context specifies subscriber-specific information definingone or more policies that are applied to the data communications,wherein the MS VPN route advertisement encodes the subscriber context asnetwork layer reachability information (NLRI) of the MS VPN routeadvertisement that is communicated in accordance with the extended BGPprotocol.
 23. The gateway device of claim 20, wherein upon selecting theoptimal routing mode with the gateway device, the control unit isconfigured to advertise the MS VPN route advertisement to other networkdevices in the cellular network that are members of a mobile VPNassociated with the gateway device, wherein the MS VPN routeadvertisement encodes one or more of a full network address associatedwith the mobile device, a next hop of the mobile device wherein the nexthop comprises the gateway device, a route distinguisher, and amultiprotocol label switching (MPLS) mobile VPN label for reaching thegateway to which the mobile subscriber is connected.
 24. The gatewaydevice of claim 20, wherein upon selecting the triangular routing modewith the gateway device, the control unit is configured to advertise atargeted MS VPN route advertisement with the gateway device to theanchor device in the cellular network to enable the anchor device toroute packets destined for the mobile device to the gateway device,wherein the targeted MS VPN route advertisement includes a route-targetthat is an Internet Protocol (IP)-based route-target constructed from anIP address of the anchor device, and wherein the interface is configuredto receive tunneled packets from the anchor device destined for themobile device
 25. The gateway device of claim 20, wherein the controlunit is configured to select the mode based on a Service Level Agreement(SLA) associated with the mobile device.
 26. The gateway device of claim20, wherein the control unit is configured to execute a BGP multicastVPN (MPVN) protocol, and wherein upon the gateway device receiving amulticast join request from the mobile device, the control unit isconfigured to propagate the multicast join request from the gatewaydevice towards a provider edge router selected as an upstream multicasthop (UMH) in accordance with the BGP MVPN protocol.
 27. A systemcomprising: a first gateway device associated with a first base station;a second gateway device associated with a second base station; a mobiledevice in wireless communication with the first base station after beingin wireless communication with the second base station; and an anchordevice that acts as a main repository for a subscriber contextassociated with the mobile device, wherein the first gateway devicecomprises: an interface configured to receive a request from the mobiledevice to connect to the first gateway device to access a packet-basednetwork; and a control unit configured to select one of an optimalrouting mode and a triangular routing mode for routing packets destinedfor the mobile device, wherein the optimal routing mode allows unicasttraffic destined for the mobile device to bypass a current anchor devicefor the mobile device and be routed directly to the gateway device, andwherein the triangular routing mode allows unicast traffic for themobile device to be routed to the anchor device that tunnels the trafficto the gateway device, wherein the control unit is configured to executea routing protocol that has been extended to advertise a mobilesubscriber (MS) virtual private network (VPN) route advertisement to oneor more other network devices in a cellular network of the system,wherein the MS VPN route advertisement encodes reachability informationassociated with the mobile device connected to the gateway device,
 28. Acomputer-readable storage medium comprising instructions for causing aprogrammable processor of a gateway device of a cellular network to:receive a request from a mobile device to connect to the gateway deviceto access a packet-based network, the mobile device in wirelesscommunication with a base station associated with the gateway device;select one of an optimal routing mode and a triangular routing mode forrouting packets destined for the mobile device, wherein the optimalrouting mode allows unicast traffic destined for the mobile device tobypass a current anchor device for the mobile device and be routeddirectly to the gateway device, and wherein the triangular routing modeallows unicast traffic for the mobile device to be routed to the anchordevice that tunnels the traffic to the gateway device; and in accordancewith the selected mode, advertise a mobile subscriber (MS) virtualprivate network (VPN) route advertisement to one or more other networkdevices in the cellular network using an extended routing protocol,wherein the MS VPN route advertisement encodes reachability informationassociated with the mobile device connected to the gateway device.
 29. Amethod for routing packets within a network comprising: establishing adata communication session between a cellular mobile device and apacket-based network via a first cellular base station and first gatewayassociated with the first cellular base station, wherein establishingthe data communication session comprises binding the cellular mobiledevice to an anchor device associated with the first gateway and storingsubscriber context for the cellular mobile device with the anchordevice; after establishing the data communication session, receiving,with a second gateway device of a cellular network, a request from thecellular mobile device to connect to the second gateway device to accessthe packet-based network; selecting a mode with the second gatewaydevice for routing packets of the data communication session from thepacket-based network to the mobile device, wherein selecting the modecomprises selecting between: (1) a first routing mode that allows thepackets of the data communication session destined for the mobile deviceto bypass the anchor device and be routed directly to the second gatewaydevice, and (2) a second routing mode that allows the packets of thedata communication session to be routed to the anchor device thatforwards the traffic to the second gateway device; upon selecting thefirst routing mode with the second gateway device, advertising a mobilesubscriber (MS) virtual private network (VPN) route advertisement withthe second gateway device to other network devices in the cellularnetwork that are members of a mobile VPN associated with the secondgateway device, wherein the MS VPN route advertisement encodes a fullnetwork address associated with the mobile device and a multiprotocollabel switching (MPLS) mobile label for reaching the second gateway towhich the mobile subscriber is connected; and upon selecting thetriangular routing mode with the gateway device, advertising a targetedMS VPN route advertisement with the second gateway device to the anchordevice in the cellular network to enable the anchor device to remain theanchor device and route packets destined for the mobile device to thesecond gateway device.